THE -ing FORM & THE GERUND
Fiilin -ing yapısı hem present participle hem de gerund olarak kullanılabilir. Yapıları aynı olan bu iki –ing formu sadece işlev farklılığı gösterir.
The present participle:
• Continuous tenselerde kullanılır,
he is painting; she has been waiting
• Hareket ve pozisyon fiillerinden sonra kullanılır:
verb + present participle
She sat looking at the sea
• Beş duyu fiillerinin ardından kullanılır:
verb + object + present participle
We saw him swimming
• Sıfat olarak kullanılır: amazing, worrying, exciting, boring
The gerund:
Bir fiil görünümünde olmasına rağmen bu yapı isim olarak kullanılır ve aşağıdaki gibi karşımıza çıkarlar:
• Cümlenin öznesi olarak:
Eating people is wrong.
• Prepositions’lardan sonra:
Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
She is good at painting
• Belli fiillerden sonra,
like playing, hate watching, admit doing, imagine living
• Birleşik isimlerde sıfat olarak,
a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Fiilin –ing takısı almış diğer yapısı olan the present participle aşağıdaki şekillerde karşımıza çıkabilir:
a. as part of the continuous form of a verb
I am working,
he was singing,
they have been walking.
b. after verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle
She went shopping
He lay looking up at the clouds
She came running towards me
Bu yapı özellikle to go ifadeleriyle kullanılır:
to go shopping, to go walking, to go ski-ing, to go fishing, to go surfing, to go swimming,
c. after verbs of perception in the pattern: verb + object + present participle
I heard someone singing.
He saw his friend walking along the road.
I can smell something burning!
NOT: Aşağıdaki cümleleri eylemin bir kısmına ya da tamamına şahit olma anlamında inceleyin:
I heard Joanna singing (= she had started before I heard her, and probably went on afterwards [part of the action])
I heard Joanna sing (= I heard her complete performance)
d. as an adjective: amazing, worrying, exciting, boring.
It was an amazing film.
It''s a bit worrying when the police stop you
Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm.
Racing cars can go as fast as 400 kph.
He was trapped inside the burning house.
Many of his paintings depict the setting sun.
e. with the verbs spend and waste, in the pattern: verb + time/money expression + present participle
My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.
Don''t waste time playing computer games!
They''ve spent the whole day shopping.
f. with the verbs catch and find, in the pattern: verb + object + present participle:
catch fiiliyle bu yapıda bir kızgınlık ve hoşlanmayan bir durumu yakalama ifade edilir, find fiilinde ise durum nötrdür:
If I catch you stealing my apples again, there''ll be trouble!
Don''t let him catch you reading his letters.
We found some money lying on the ground.
They found their mother sitting in the garden.
g. to replace a sentence or part of a sentence:
İki eylem birbiri ardına aynı kişi tarafından gerçekleştirilmişse bu eylemlerden birini tanımlayarak ikinci eylemle bağlaç kullanmaksızın birleştirilmesinde participle kullanılabilir. Bu durumda cümlelerde as, because gibi bağlçların anlamları cümlenin formundan dolayı cümleye yüklenmiştir:
They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went.= They went laughing out into the snow.
He whistled to himself. He walked down the road.= Whistling to himself, he walked down the road.
He put on his coat and left the house.= Putting on his coat, he left the house.
She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.= Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air.
Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
(= because he felt hungry...)
Being poor, he didn''t spend much on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
THE GERUND
Bu yapı aşağıdaki gibi karşımıza çıkar ve isim olarak kullanılır:
a. Cümlenin öznesi olarak:
Eating people is wrong.
Hunting elephants is dangerous.
Flying makes me nervous.
b. Continuous tense’lerde:
One of his duties is attending meetings.
The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.
One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed.
c. Preposition’lardan sonra:
Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
She is good at painting.
They're keen on windsurfing.
She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary.
Preposition ile biten bazı ifadeler de ardından gerund alır: in spite of, there''s no point in..:
There's no point in waiting.
In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time.
d. verb + preposition /adverb yapıların çoğundan sonra
to look forward to, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on:
I look forward to hearing from you soon. (at the end of a letter)
When are you going to give up smoking?
She always puts off going to the dentist.
He kept on asking for money.
e. Birleşik İsimlerde
a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting
f. Aşağıdaki ifadelerden sonra:
can't help, can’t stop, can't stand, can’t risk, can’t bare, it's no use/good, have difficulty, have fun, have a good time, be busy, the adjective worth
The elephant couldn't help falling in love with the mouse.
I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.
It's no use/good trying to escape.
We had fun playing chess in the evening.
We had difficulty finding the place.
He is busy typing his report.
It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train.
g. Zaman ifadeleri after ve before:
She brushes her teeth after eating something.
Don’t forget to check the gas before leaving.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
Kendilerinden sonra gerund gelecek fiillerin yaygın olanlarından oluşan bu listeyi inceleyin.
acknowledge
admit
anticipate, appreciate
avoid
celebrate
consider, contemplate
defer
delay
deny
detest
dislike
dread
enjoy
entail
escape
excuse
fancy (=imagine)
finish
forgive
imagine
involve
keep
loathe
mean,(=have as result)
mention
mind
miss
pardon
postpone
prevent
propose
recall
recollect
remember
report
resent
resist
risk
save (=prevent the wasted effort)
stop
suggest
understand
Notlar:
Appreciate:
I appreciate having some time off work. (I''m having the time...)
I appreciate your giving me some time off work. (You''re giving me the time...)
Excuse, forgive, pardon:
Excuse me interrupting.
Excuse me for interrupting.
Excuse my interrupting.
Suggest:
suggest/suggested (+ possessive adjective) + gerund:
He suggests going to Glasgow
He suggested going to Glasgow
He suggested/suggests my going to Glasgow
suggest/suggested + that-clause (where both that and should may be omitted):
He suggests that I should go to Glasgow
He suggested that I should go to Glasgow
He suggested/suggests I should go to Glasgow
He suggested/suggests I go to Glasgow
He suggested I went to Glasgow.
suggest/suggested + question word + infinitive:
He suggested where to go.
Propose fiili suggest anlamında kullanıldığında ardından gerund alır:
John proposed going to the debate
ama bu fiil intend anlamında ardından to infinitive alır:
The Government proposes bringing in new laws.
Stop hem gerund hem to infinitive yapıyla takip edilebilir. Ancak bu durumda anlam değişir:
stop + to inf.: in order to: I stopped to drink coffee. (The reason I stopped was to drink coffee.)
He stopped to smoke on his way home. (He stopped because he wanted to smoke. He stopped in order to smoke.)
stop + -ing: quit, give up: I stopped drinking coffee.
He stopped smoking. (He doesn’t smoke any more. He quit/gave up smoking.)
Dread fiili think anlamında to infinitive ile takip edilir: ''I dread to think'':
I dread to think what she''ll do next.
Prevent
Hem possessive adjective + gerund ile:
You can''t prevent my leaving.
Hem de an object + from + gerund ile yakip edilebilir:
You can''t prevent me from leaving.
Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund
We concentrated on doing well.
admit to
approve of
argue about
believe in
care about
complain about
concentrate on
confess to
depend on
disapprove of
discourage from
dream about
feel like
forget about
insist on
object to
plan on
prevent (smn) from
refrain from
succeed in
talk about
think about
worry about
GERUND mı INFINITIVE mi?
Bazı fiiller arkalarından hem gerund hem de to infinitive ile takip edilebilirler. Bu fiillerin bazıları gerund ya da to infinitive kullanımına göre anlam değişikliğine uğrarken bazıları anlam değişikliğine uğramaz:
to prefer [anlam değişmez]
I prefer to live in an apartment.
I prefer living in an apartment to living in a country house.
A. Anlamlarında küçük farklılık olan fiiller:
allow
attempt
begin
bother
cease
continue
deserve
fear
hate
intend
like
love
neglect
omit
permit
prefer
recommend
start
Notlar:
1. allow:
Allow + object + to-infinitive:
Her parents allowed her to go to the party.
Allow + gerund:
Her parents don''t allow smoking in the house.
2. deserve + gerund:
Your proposals deserve being considered in detail.
These ideas deserve discussing. (= to be discussed).
3. hate, love, like, prefer gibi fiiller genel anlamda kullanıldıklarında gerund ile, özel [konuşma anındaki ifadelerde] ise –to infinitive ile takip eder:
I hate to tell you, but Uncle Jim is coming this weekend.
I hate looking after elderly relatives!
I love dancing.
I would love to dance with you.
B. Açık Anlam farkı olan fiiller:
come:
come + gerund is like other verbs of movement followed by the gerund, and means that the subject is doing something as they move:
She came running across the field.
come + to-infinitive means that something happens or develops, perhaps outside the subject''s control:
At first I thought he was crazy, but I''ve come to appreciate his sense of humour.
How did you come to be outside the wrong house?
forget, regret and remember:
When these verbs are followed by a gerund, the gerund refers to an action that happened earlier:
I remember locking the door (= I remember now, I locked the door earlier)
He regretted speaking so rudely. (= he regretted at some time in the past, he had spoken rudely at some earlier time in the past.)
Forget is frequently used with ''never'' in the simple future form:
I''ll never forget meeting the Queen.
When these verbs are followed by a to-infinitive, the infinitive refers to an action happening at the same time, or later:
I remembered to lock the door (= I thought about it, then I did it.)
Don''t forget to buy some eggs! (= Please think about it and then do it.)
We regret to announce the late arrival of the 12.45 from Paddington. (= We feel sorry before we tell you this bad news.)
go on:
go on + gerund means to continue with an action:
He went on speaking for two hours.
I can''t go on working like this - I''m exhausted.
go on + to-infinitive means to do the next action, which is often the next stage in a process:
After introducing her proposal, she went on to explain the benefits for the company.
John Smith worked in local government for five years, then went on to become a Member of Parliament
mean:
mean + gerund expresses what the result of an action will be, or what will be necessary:
If you take that job in London it will mean travelling for two hours every day.
We could take the ferry to France, but that will mean spending a night in a hotel.
mean + to-infinitive expresses an intention or a plan:
Did you mean to dial this number?
I mean to finish this job by the end of the week!
Sorry - I didn''t mean to hurt you.
stop:
stop + gerund means to finish an action in progress:
I stopped working for them because the wages were so low.
Stop tickling me!
stop + to-infinitive means to interrupt an activity in order to do something else, so the infinitive is used to express a purpose:
I stopped to have lunch. (= I was working, or travelling, and I interrupted what I was doing in order to eat.)
It''s difficult to concentrate on what you are doing if you have to stop to answer the phone every five minutes.
try:
try + gerund means to experiment with an action that might be a solution to your problem.
If you have problems sleeping, you could try doing some yoga before you go to bed, or you could try drinking some warm milk.
''I can''t get in touch with Carl.'' ''Have you tried e-mailing him?''
try + to-infinitive means to make an effort to do something. It may be something very difficult or even impossible:
The surgeons tried to save his life but he died on the operating table.
We''ll try to phone at 6 o''clock, but it might be hard to find a telephone.
Elephants and mice have to try to live together in harmony.
propose:
propose + gerund means to offer:
He proposed starting a new business in London. (He made an offer...)
propose + to-infinitive means to plan:
He proposes to start a new business in London. (He plans to start ...)
